Laws of Algebra

Let a,b,c be three variables. Then the followings are some basic rules of algebra applicable to these variables.

Commutative Law for Addition


 `a + b = b + a`

Commutative Law for Multiplication


 ` a.b = b.a `

Associative Law for Addition


 ` a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c ` ` a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c `

Associative Law for Multiplication


 ` a.(b.c) = (a.b).c ` ` a.(b.c) = (a.b).c `

Distributive Law


 ` a.(b + c) = (a.b) + (a.c) ` ` a.(b + c) = (a.b) + (a.c) `

Cancellation Law for Addition


 ` a + c = b + c iff a = b `

Cancellation Law for Multiplication


  ` a.c = b.ciffa = b` where c != 0

In the next section,
we make use of these simple formulas to find solutions to given problems.



Commutative Law for Addition Examples

Example 1:
 5

Explanation:

Using the Commutative Law for Addition stated above

`a + b = b + a`

=> For the given expression, x = 5


Example 2:
 2

Explanation:

Using of the Commutative Law For Multiplication stated above

` a . b = b . a`

=> For the given expression, r = 2


Distributive Law Example

 2

Explanation:

According to the Distributive Law, we have

`a . ( b + c ) = ( a . b ) + ( a . c )`

Through comparison of the given expression with the above formula, we conclude that

m = a = 2

We can also prove that m = 2 by method of equating the two sides of the given expression as shown below.

Given that

2 . ( 3 + 1 ) = ( 2 . 3 ) + ( m . 1 )

L.H.S (Left Hand Side) = 2 . ( 3 + 1 )

= 2 . 4 = 8

R.H.S (Right Hand Side) = ( 2 . 3 ) + ( m . 1 )

= 6 + m

By equating the two sides,

8 = 6 + m

=> m = 2 (Subtract 6 from both sides of the equation)

Hence we get the same answer as we got using the Distributive Formula.


Associative Law Example

 5

Explanation:

Here we make use of the Associative Law For Multiplication which states that for any variables a, b and c

`a . ( b . c ) = ( a . b ) . c`

Through comparison we get

d = c = 5


Cancellation law For Addition Example

 5

Explanation:

Using the Cancellation law For Addition

`a + c = b + c iff a = b `

Here a = x, b = 5, c = 2

And the formula states that the identity will hold if and only if a = b i.e., if x = 5


Cancellation law For Multiplication Example

 5

Explanation:

Using the Cancellation law For Multiplication

`a . c = b . c iff a = b ` where c != 0

Here

a = n

b = 5

c = 3 != 0

Hence the equation will hold if and only if a = b, that is if n = 5


Distributive law Examples

 56

Explanation:

We have studied Distributive law which states that

`a . ( b + c ) = ( a . b ) + ( a . c )`

Here we can split up 14 = 10 + 4

=> 4 . ( 10 + 4 ) = ( 4 . 10 ) + ( 4 . 4 )

=> 4 x 14 = 40 + 16 = 56

Hence we can split our problem using this property and find the solution with greater ease.


Distributive property Examples

Explanation:

We have studied that in the distributive property, we distribute the operation of multiplication over addition. We can use this property to simplify the above expression.

We see that both 3, and 9 are multiples of 3. So if we take 3 out of the above expression, leaving the rest inside the parentheses, what we get is a distributed equivalent of the above expression.

=> 3x + 9 = 3 ( x + 3 )

A mentionable point here is that the property also holds for subtraction. For example

=>` 3x-9 = 3(x-3 )=3 ( x+(-3 ) )`


Associative Property for Multiplication Examples

  8 x n

Explanation:

Using the Associative Property for Multiplication

` a . ( b . c ) = ( a . b ) . c`

=> 2 x ( 4 x n ) = ( 2 x 4 ) x n

=> 2 x ( 4 x n ) = 8 x n


Non-Commutative Operations


Here we need to mention that subtraction, division, matrix multiplication, vector product are all non-commutative.

For Example :
 `4-2!=2-4` => Subtraction is non-commutative
 `( 4 )/( 2 )!=2/( 4 )` => Division is non-commutative

Similarly Matrix Multiplication and vector Product can be shown to be non-commutative.


Summary of Laws Of Algebra


summary-cummutative-associative-law






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